How well someone can navigate a building depends largely on their knowledge of the space. This spatial knowledge can be categorized into three types: knowledge of a specific point in space (e.g., the destination), route knowledge (the path from their current location to the destination), and survey knowledge, which involves understanding the overall layout of the environment (Wiener, 2009).

When designing tools to help people navigate, you are essentially addressing a "spatial knowledge deficit." Only by understanding and mitigating this deficit can you create effective navigation solutions. This requires a deep understanding of the spatial cognitive processes involved in wayfinding.